JOURNALISM AND CREATIVE WRITING IN ENGLISH

Journalism 

• "Diurnal‟, a Latin word for the daily record, became  „journal‟ in French and in English.
• Journalism is gathering, processing, and disseminating news and information related to the news to an audience.
• The art of papermaking and letter-block invention started in china around 868 A.D. The oldest printed book published by Wang Chieh is still preserved in China.
• William Caxton of Kent set up the first printing press in England in 1476
• The earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet “Acta Diurna” circulated in ancient Rome published daily from 59 BC.
• In 1621, a newssheet called “coranto” appeared in London (Weekly)
• In 1655 “Oxford Gazette” edited by Muddiman printed twice a week.
• “Daily courant” started in 1702 (the first daily newspaper of London)
• Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, and Dr. Johnson were all great literary figures as well as devoted journalists. 
• Steele and Addison noted for their spectator papers started  "The  Tatler”  and The spectator". "The Rambler" and "The idler" were Johnson'screations.

Shorthand as a tool of the reporter helped him to convey news with a semblance of reality.

By 1860,  "Reuter‟ became the most favored news Agency operating from London.

In India, Augustus Hickeys started his “Bengal Gazette” in 1780 in

Calcutta. „The Hindu” of madras started in 1878.

American Society of Newspaper Editors sets forth the following statement of Principles – Article 1 – Responsibility, Article 2 – Freedom of the press, Article 3 – Independence, Article 4 – Truth and Accuracy, Article 5 – Impartiality, and Article 6 – Fairplay.

In the 20th century, journalism is marked by a graving sense of professionalism.

There are four important factors in this trend.

1. The increasing organization of working journalists

2. Specialized education for journalism 3. Growing literature dealing with techniques of mass communication 4. An increasing sense of social responsibility with journalists.

Types of journalism

1. New Journalism deals with the report of news in a straightforward manner that covers all the facts

2. Celebrity journalism deals with the news and events of celebrities from the entertainment world and politics.

3. Investigative journalism deals with unearthing facts and studying cases that expose scandals and problems.

4. sports journalism – reporting of sports events and athletics

5. Citizen journalism – Any citizen can participate and report the news to the media through the internet

Example:- Facebook, Twitter, etc…

6. Fashion Journalism – Articles or reports related to the fashion world

7. Environmental Journalism – issues related to the environment, its protection, and conservation.

8. Business and Finance journalism – Report on latest products, stock markets, etc.

Forms of Journalism :

1. Advocacy Journalism – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.

2. Broadcast Journalism – written or spoken journalism for radio or television.

3.Gonzo journalism – highly personal style of reporting championed by Hunter S. Thompson.

4. Photojournalism – the telling of a story through its images.

5.Tabloid journalism – writing that is light-hearted and entertaining

6. Yellow journalism or sensationalism writing emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.

7. Shrimp journalism – to encourage unsubstantiated sports rumors through social media.

John Dewey believed journalists should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. His idea is commonly known as

"Community journalism”.

Lippman expressed the hope that Liberty could be redefined to take account of the scientific and historical perspective in „Liberty and news‟ (1919) and “Public Opinion” 1921.

A keen news sense and creativity are the main ingredients in any kind of journalism.

Creative writing in English

Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal, professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature. It can be technically be considered any writing of original composition. It is the art of living metaphorically.

Steps – 1. Thinking critically 2. reshaping into something different and Original 3. Investing a purpose 4. Targeting an audience 5. Organizing cohesively with a proper beginning, middle, and end 6. Selecting apt vocabulary, figurative language, and style.

Elements

1. Character 

2. Point of view 

3. Plot 4. Setting 

5. Dialogue (fiction) 

6. style (fiction) 

7. Theme and Motif.

Forms

1. Autobiography or memoir 

2.Collaborative writing 

3.Creative non-fiction (personal and journalistic essays) 

4. Epic 

5. Flash fiction 

6. Novel 

7. Novella 

8. Playwriting/Dramatic writing 

9. Poetry writing 

10. Screenwriting 

11. Short story 

12. Songwriting

13. Bibliography 

14. stream of consciousness (narrative writing)

Journalist students Glossary

1. ABC – Audit Bureau of circulation 2. Ad dummy – the blank set of pages 3. Agate – 14 agate lines equal one column inch 4. AM‟s – morning papers 5. Angle – An approach to the story 6. Backbench – the control center 7. Back numbers – previous issues of a newspaper 8. Blanket – newspaper page proof 9. Boil-down – summarise 10. Byline – signature on a story 11. cliché – A worn and monotonous or overused phrase 12. cliffhanger – A story that still awaits its climax 13. Dope – inside information in the united states – the dope story is called a think piece or soft news 14. Dress – revision of a story 15. Ellipsis – the omission of letters or words in a sentence, represented by several dots. 16. Folio – page 17. Freebee – free trip, services, entertainment 18. Freelance – self-employed journalist 19. Ghostwriter – one who writes under another‟s name. 20. Gutter– The margin between two printed pages. 21. Glossy – shiny print (of photograph) 22. Jump – continuation of a story to another page  23. Kicker – a story stands out from the main past of page 24. Mop-up – A story puts together information already used in a separate way 25. Morgue – Old name for newspaper picture and cuttings library 26. Motif – An illustration used to symbolize a subject or a story 27. Mug shot – picture showing a person‟s head 28. Mutton – printer's old name for emblem 29. Nibs – News in Brief 30. Night editor – The senior production executive of a daily paper 31. Nose – The introduction or start to a story 32. Nuggets – small items of news, separate sections of a story 33. Nut – printers‟ name 34. Puff – An item which publicizes something or somebody. 35. Pundit – A regular columnist who dispenses opinion. 36. PM‟s – afternoon papers 37. Puff – Publicity material, quickly thrown into the waste paper basket. 38. Queue – A collection or directory of stories held in a computer 39. Quire – orderly newspapers, usually 26 copies 40. Rejig – The revision of a story in the light of later information 41. Scoop – An exclusive story for a newspaper 42. Wire service – News Agency.